chris-manassa-essay:  My essay on the Historical Investigation

The Removalists (1971) is a play written by Australian playwriter David Williamson. The main issues the play addresses are violence, specifically domestic violence, and the abuse of power and authority. The story is supposed to be a microcosm of 1970s Australian society.

The play begins in a police station as the Constable Neville Ross meets Sergeant Dan Simmonds. This is Ross’s first placement, as he has just finished his police training. Simmonds establishes his authority by continually patronising Ross. Simmonds explains his antipathy to modern police training, and his comments reveal him as sexist and chauvinistic.

Kate Mason and Fiona Carter (who are sisters) enter. Kate encourages Fiona as she tells Ross and Simmonds about her husband Kenny’s physical abuse of her. Simmonds gets Ross to take photos of Fiona’s bruises, his actions imbued with sexual intent. Simmonds convinces the insecure Fiona of the importance of the actions, saying that her bruises should be “visible signs of abuse to the medically untrained eye”.

The sexual innuendo is developed as the two sisters display competitive attitudes for Simmonds’ attention. Simmonds arranges for himself and Ross to help Fiona move her furniture to her new flat and the atmosphere suggests that Simmonds justifiably expects sexual favours from the sisters in return for his help. They then depart for Fiona and Kenny’s flat.

At the flat, Kenny returns home drunk and becomes violent, and the Removalist, who has been contracted to remove Fiona’s belongings, continually complains. Simmonds and Ross burst in, and cuff Kenny, while the Removalist proceeds to remove the furniture. Tensions rise, until Ross, provoked beyond all reason beats up Kenny, who then dies suddenly from a brain haemorrhage.

timeline-of-ancient-greece

http://www.laconia.org/gen_info_literature/Peloponnesian_war.htm

TOPIC:  my chosen topic is the peloponnesian war.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS (with key ‘verb’): What sparked the spartans and athenians to engage into war and evaluate how has it impacted both societies of living?

REFINED QUESTION: Account for/Outline/Identify the causes of the Peloponnesian War. Discuss the impact the war had on both Athenian and Spartan society.

ESSAY PLAN

Intro

Outline/account/identify

Discussion

point 1

point 2 etc.

historical-investigation

 

SOURCES IDENTIFIED: the sources i have indentified are both primary and secondary sources.

• In the Peloponnesian war their are many different accounts by people that consider the case as being of what actually happened. Each account is furthermore different to each other and in this case may raise furthermore questions upon what actually they saw upon what happened. We should first make mention of the different sources upon which I am going to speak about upon how they interpret the Peloponnesian war. This includes the 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thucydides account of what happened, Xenophon, Victor Davis Hanson’s account, Kurt Kuhlmann and many more accounts.
• The first one I should take mention upon is what the 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica says about the Peloponesian war. The Encyclopaedia Britannica 2006 says that there was not just two city states that were fighting against one another but many. It also mentions that Sparta and Athens be considered as the leading states in Ancient Greece and had a thirty year treaty prior to the Peloponnesian war. Last the Encyclopaedia mentions to us that the leaders was Archidamus from Sparta and Perickles of Athens who was affected by a plague while the war was won by Sparta of the final battle in Aegospotami.
• Next is the full account by the writer Thucydides who was involved in retelling what happened in the Peloponnesian war. According to Thucydides he mentions that during the war was not just the Athenians fighting against the Spartans but also mentions other cities involved somehow. These included the Peloponnesians, Corcyraens, Italiots, Syracusans, Corinthians and the Thasians. They even make mention that the Spartans were called, “Lacedaemonians” and the fact that Athens was a growing power. The account about how many troops fought during the war was mentioned and the fact that oaths, conventions and terms being accounted with this particular source.

  We than have Xenophons belief upon what happened during the war. According to Xenophon he describes upon what happened at the end of the war and the battle of Aegospotami which ended the war. Last but not least he also makes mention on the Decelean on Ionian war which was included in teh Peloponnesian war campaign where he says that the Spartans “tore down the Long Walls among scenes of great joy and to the music of flute girls” (Hellenica 2.2.24) somehow during the war.

  Another account about the Peloponnesian war was by Kurt Kuhlmann who says that the war was divided by three stages which include the Archidamian War (431-421), the Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (420-413), and the Ionian War (412-404). Kurt makes mention of quotes or accounts which was according to Thucydides who was the main writer of the war. He also says that the treaties made by Sparta was lenient but they became the main victors during the Peloponnesian war. Last, Kurt says that after the war the Athenians had to get rid of the long walls and the walls around Piraeus but still maintain alliance with Sparta and were still maintained independence.     

  Our best encyclopedia search engine which is WIkipedia says that the war was between the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta against Athens and their growing empire. Unlike Kurt’s account as I previously have mentioned they not just include the three stages in the war but also include the second war after the three stages compromised by Kurt. They also mention that the Thirty Tyrants took over after the war which Sparta brang to control Athens.   

  The second last source interpreter is Victor Davis Hanson who describes when the war began, a few brief notes on the war as well as the fact that Sparta not Athens was the one who started the war. He also says that the war lasted for 27.5 years and that the war and gave the statistics that eighty thousand Athenian got caught with the plague.

  The last source by Aristophones makes mention of the war through the work of performances which he portrayed in his play. He was also involved in making plays in Athens to stop the Peloponnesian war also.       

Road

Latin Term	Meaning/Definition	English Term	English meaning	Use of function	Roman Example
Forum	Open public meeting place; market place	Forum	Discussion	Religious Economics Political	The Roman Forum
Basilica	Roman administrative structures	Church	Religious Prayer	Roman public building	The Basilica Julia
Thermae	Public baths	Therapeutic Spa	Recreation	Public meeting and recreational purposes.	Aquae Sulis
Curia	Senate house	Building.	Political Government	Discuss affairs of State	Curia Hostilia
Circus	Area where gladiatorial games and chariot races were conducted.	Festival	Group of entertainers	Entertainment	Circus Maximus
Campus	Large military formations	Property	Location of a university, college, or main buildings	House for Roman legions as drill areas	Campus Martius
Comitium	Speaker’s place; ‘prows or ‘beaks’ of ships	Political Assembly	A large gathering of political hierarchy.	Assemblies for political purposes	Forum Romanum
Portus	Ancient harbour	Harbour	A harbour installation, to house ships.	Shipping	Roman Portus Albus
Via	Public road.	Via		Walking place	Via Appia
Rostra	Meeting place; Place of assembly	Assembly	Forum to conduct speeches and address the public.	Area within the forum	Republican Rostra
Templum	Ritual area of sacred worship.	Temple	Place of worship	Worship area during feast days.	Temple of Hercules Victor

The Roman Water System

 

These are the three ways that the Romans used to get water around the city. two-tier bridges were used at low cross areas, Inverted Siphons were used when particular valleys were steep, & tunnels were used when equipped with a vertical shafts for inspection & cleaning. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Waste water Systems

Waste was Frequently  Emptied  Into Street-Side Openings to the Roman Sewers. The sewers carried off  sewage, urban runoff, and drainage water together. The Roman sewer system probably carried off at least as much water as the aqueducts provided. Consumptive use in Rome was not high and there was a lot of infiltration into the drains from groundwater (parts of Rome are constructed over swamps). The flow of the Tiber River was greatly increased by discharges from Rome’s sewers

 

 

 

 

http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/rome/

 

 

 

 

 

1) Please find and upload an image of each of the Seven Hills of Rome. Ensure each is one is labelled? 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aventinus (Aventine)

Caelius (Caelian)

Capitolium (Capitoline)

Esquiliae (Esquiline)

Palatium (Palatine)

Quirinalis (Quirinal)

Viminalis (Viminal)

 

 

 

 2) Research: The Roman Water System?

 

The water consumption of Rome couldn’t be satisfied by the extraction from private and public wells or rainwater harvesting, so Roman sovereigns resorted to tap fresh springs at the outskirts of the city in the Roman Campagna to bring their freshness to the urban centre.

The Romans are renowned for engineering marvels, among which is the aqueduct that carried water for many miles in order to provide a crowded urban population with relatively safe, potable water, as well as less essential but very Roman aquatic uses. Rome had 9 aqueducts (A pipe or channel designed to transport water from a remote source) by the time of the engineer Frontinus, our main ancient source on the water supply. The first of these was built in the fourth century B.C. and the last in the first century A.D. Aqueducts were built because the springs, wells, and Tiber River were no longer providing the safe water that was needed for the swelling urban population.

 

   

The construction of the Ancient Roman Aqueduct System is sometimes not different from the modern practice, since modern technologies descend directly from Roman engineering. More over we can learn some useful lessons from those techniques.

 

source:

http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/rom_aq.html

http://gqj.woknrollil.madalynncaseborne.com/roman_water_system_history.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(Roman)

http://www.42explore2.com/rome.htm